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Ballots are still being counted in California with of precincts reporting in, but the Associated Press has called Democrat Joe Biden the state’s winner, defeating Republican President Donald Trump.

Despite the dominance of Democrats for both state and federal offices, California ballot initiative results tend to sway across party lines.

Of the 12 propositions, including a diverse range of topics from property tax reassessments, affirmative action, to job security for gig workers, only four of the results mirrored the California Democratic Party’s recommendations.聽

A February on California鈥檚 political geography from the Public Policy Institute of California found that the state has a range of opinions dependent on geographic location.聽

Counties along the coast, including the Bay Area and the greater Los Angeles area, have far more liberals than conservatives; however, conservatives are more prevalent farther inland.聽聽

Jim Newton, a longtime journalist and lecturer who teaches public policy and communications studies at the University of California, Los Angeles, said there鈥檚 a wide range of reasons why Californians may vote more conservatively than the makeup of their public officials.

First of all, Californians vote on more things than they typically want to. 鈥淭here鈥檚 a fatigue that sets in鈥� when the ballot is filled with initiatives, Newton said during a phone interview.聽

He said that in other states, a lot of ballot issues are typically left to legislatures. This gives an advantage to the 鈥渘o鈥� side because voters may not be as informed on complicated issues and don鈥檛 find the time to study the details.

鈥淧eople like to vote on things that lower their taxes or make them safer,鈥� Newton said.聽

California鈥檚 initiative, referendum, and recall system were originally intended to allow ordinary citizens to check special interests and the government.聽

Newton said it performs that function today but also provides an opportunity for the opposite effect.聽

鈥淚t allows special interests an avenue to check the legislature,鈥� added Newton.聽聽

Proposition 15

According to the Public Policy Institute of California report, most Californians feel their taxes are too high, regardless of where they live. This, in part, may help explain why November鈥檚 Proposition 15, a proposed tax increase to commercial properties, is leaning towards failure.聽

Proposition 15 focused on reassessing higher values on commercial and industrial properties. Yet, according to a pre-election by the University of California, Berkeley, some voters believed that it may eventually affect residential properties.聽

According to Newton, Proposition 15 was the first real effort at taking a 鈥渘otch鈥� out of Proposition 13, which passed in 1978.

The ballot initiative rolled back most local real estate assessments to 1975 market value levels, limited the property tax rate to 1 percent plus the rate necessary to fund local voter-approved bonded indebtedness, and limited future property tax increases to a maximum of 2% per year.聽

Newton was surprised that it failed but understood that voters might not want to risk raising taxes and costs amid a recession and pandemic.

Proposition 16

This proposition would repeal a previous ban on affirmative action in hiring for state and local governments, and was defeated by over 12 percentage points. The original ban was approved by voters in 1996, with 55% of the vote.聽

This was another result that surprised Newton, given the conversation on race, 鈥渢his could be one avenue to channel that energy.鈥澛�

But aside from the national conversation, he said, 鈥渢here is not a lot to show for that as far as changes in the law.鈥� According to Newton, legislative efforts in Sacramento to address police accountability have not gone far.

Proposition 22

Another major issue was the gig economy and classification of app-based workers as independent contractors.

The measure came up following a state legislature’s decision to classify gig workers as employees rather than independent contractors.聽

Companies like Uber and Lyft poured over into passing the measure. 鈥淚f you took their spending out of it, it wouldn鈥檛 have passed,鈥� said Newton.聽

Proponents claim that the new rules benefit drivers by allowing them flexibility as independent contractors to set their own schedules and not have commitment obligations to the company.聽

Opponents of 22 argued that these companies wanted to avoid providing job security benefits and minimum wage guarantees to their workers while still profiting from their driver’s full-time labor.聽

Katie Wells, a postdoctoral research fellow at Georgetown University鈥檚 Kalmanovitz Initiative for Labor and the Working Poor, said in a phone interview that the data and research Uber and Lyft offer to support their claims 鈥渋sn鈥檛 rigorous鈥� and cannot stand up to peer review.

鈥淔or a company that has so much data, they鈥檙e amazingly, remarkably, and some people would say generously, holding that data close to their chest,鈥� said Wells.

Following the release of a controversial study from Cornell University, Wells and dozens of other academics signed an open in July that included principles to ensure independent research and keep companies from influencing public policy.聽

The was commissioned by Uber and Lyft and it suggested that drivers in Seattle did not need a minimum wage law because they were already making over $23 per hour after expenses.聽

鈥淭his was a corporate buy,鈥� said Wells, adding, 鈥渢hey try to buy the name of Cornell and bought a researcher there to do this study.鈥�

Meanwhile, another was released the same day from the New School and the University of California, Berkeley, that found drivers only earning $9.73 per hour after expenses.

According to Newton, the initiative’s language was also difficult for voters to understand and advertisements made it seem like most drivers wanted to be independent contractors rather than employees.聽

Proposition 25

Criminal justice reform efforts have also been popular issues this election cycle following this past summer’s nationwide protests. Democratic party leadership in California supported Proposition 25, believing it to be an effective reform measure.

Proposition 25 would have ended cash bail in the state and instead allowed judges to place a risk assessment for detained suspects awaiting trial.聽

This proposition requires that people placed in jail for felonies and misdemeanors that are ineligible for automatic release be assessed for their risk of committing a new crime or failing to appear in court if released.

The Democratic Party officially endorsed this measure, but other more progressive groups came out in opposition.

The ACLU, Black Lives Matter-LA, and Democratic Socialists of America-LA all opposed Proposition 25.聽

They claim that allowing judges to be the sole decider on risk assessment could lead to even worse racial bias. The measure ended up failing, 55.8% to 44.2%.